Professor Hawking has motor neurone disease and as such is only able to communicate by using a small sensor which is activated by a muscle in his cheek. He uses this sensor to 'type' characters and numbers on his keyboard.
Saturday, October 31, 2015
stephen public lectures
Public Lectures
Professor
Hawking has given many lectures to the general public. Below are some of
the more recent public lectures. Included with these lectures is a
Glossary of some of the terms used.
Into a Black Hole 2008
Is it possible to fall in a black hole, and come out in another universe? Can you escape from a black hole once you fall inside? In this lecture I talk about some of the things I've found out about black holes.
The Origin of the Universe 2005
Why are we here? Where did we come from? The answer generally given was that humans were of comparatively recent origin, because it must have been obvious, even at early times, that the human race was improving in knowledge and technology. So it can't have been around that long, or it would have progressed even more.
Godel and the End of Physics 2002In this talk, I want to ask how far can we go in our search for understanding and knowledge. Will we ever find a complete form of the laws of nature? By a complete form, I mean a set of rules that in principle at least enable us to predict the future to an arbitrary accuracy, knowing the state of the universe at one time. A qualitative understanding of the laws has been the aim of philosophers and scientists, from Aristotle onwards.
Space and Time Warps 1999
In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace. They are used for rapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time. But today's science fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact. So what are the chances for space and time warps.
Does God Play Dice 1999
This lecture is about whether we can predict the future, or whether it is arbitrary and random. In ancient times, the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary. Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning or apparent reason. Primitive people attributed such natural phenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way. There was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win favour by gifts or actions.
The Beginning of Time 1996In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end.
Life in the Universe 1996
In this talk, I would like to speculate a little, on the development of life in the universe, and in particular, the development of intelligent life. I shall take this to include the human race, even though much of its behaviour through out history, has been pretty stupid, and not calculated to aid the survival of the species.
Into a Black Hole 2008
Is it possible to fall in a black hole, and come out in another universe? Can you escape from a black hole once you fall inside? In this lecture I talk about some of the things I've found out about black holes.
The Origin of the Universe 2005
Why are we here? Where did we come from? The answer generally given was that humans were of comparatively recent origin, because it must have been obvious, even at early times, that the human race was improving in knowledge and technology. So it can't have been around that long, or it would have progressed even more.
Godel and the End of Physics 2002In this talk, I want to ask how far can we go in our search for understanding and knowledge. Will we ever find a complete form of the laws of nature? By a complete form, I mean a set of rules that in principle at least enable us to predict the future to an arbitrary accuracy, knowing the state of the universe at one time. A qualitative understanding of the laws has been the aim of philosophers and scientists, from Aristotle onwards.
Space and Time Warps 1999
In science fiction, space and time warps are a commonplace. They are used for rapid journeys around the galaxy, or for travel through time. But today's science fiction, is often tomorrow's science fact. So what are the chances for space and time warps.
Does God Play Dice 1999
This lecture is about whether we can predict the future, or whether it is arbitrary and random. In ancient times, the world must have seemed pretty arbitrary. Disasters such as floods or diseases must have seemed to happen without warning or apparent reason. Primitive people attributed such natural phenomena, to a pantheon of gods and goddesses, who behaved in a capricious and whimsical way. There was no way to predict what they would do, and the only hope was to win favour by gifts or actions.
The Beginning of Time 1996In this lecture, I would like to discuss whether time itself has a beginning, and whether it will have an end. All the evidence seems to indicate, that the universe has not existed forever, but that it had a beginning, about 15 billion years ago. This is probably the most remarkable discovery of modern cosmology. Yet it is now taken for granted. We are not yet certain whether the universe will have an end.
Life in the Universe 1996
In this talk, I would like to speculate a little, on the development of life in the universe, and in particular, the development of intelligent life. I shall take this to include the human race, even though much of its behaviour through out history, has been pretty stupid, and not calculated to aid the survival of the species.
stephen halking computers
The Computer
Since 1997, my
computer-based communication system has been sponsored and provided by
Intel® Corporation. A tablet computer mounted on the arm of my
wheelchair is powered by my wheelchair batteries, although the tablets
internal battery will keep the computer running if necessary.
My main interface to the computer is through a program called EZ Keys, written by Words Plus Inc. This provides a software keyboard on the screen. A cursor automatically scans across this keyboard by row or by column. I can select a character by moving my cheek to stop the cursor. My cheek movement is detected by an infrared switch that is mounted on my spectacles. This switch is my only interface with the computer. EZ Keys includes a word prediction algorithm, so I usually only have to type the first couple of characters before I can select the whole word. When I have built up a sentence, I can send it to my speech synthesizer. I use a separate hardware synthesizer, made by Speech+. It is the best I have heard, although it gives me an accent that has been described variously as Scandinavian, American or Scottish.
Through EZ Keys I can also control the mouse in Windows. This allows me to operate my whole computer. I can check my email using the Eudora email client, surf the internet using Firefox, or write lectures using Notepad. My latest computer from Intel, based on an Intel® Core™ i7 Processor and Intel® Solid-State Drive 520 Series, also contains a webcam which I use with Skype to keep in touch with my friends. I can express a lot through my facial expressions to those who know me well.
I can also give lectures. I write the lecture beforehand and save it on disk. I can then send it to the speech synthesiser a sentence at a time using the Equalizer software written by Words Plus. It works quite well and I can try out the lecture and polish it before I give it.
I keep looking into new assistive technologies, and recently Intel® have sponsored a team of its engineers to design a new facial recognition system aimed at improving my communication speed. They also have some new ideas regarding my software interface and it will be interesting to see the results of this. It looks quite promising. I have also experimented with Brain Controlled Interfaces to communicate with my computer however as yet these don't work as consistently as my cheek operated switch.
Stephen Hawking
My main interface to the computer is through a program called EZ Keys, written by Words Plus Inc. This provides a software keyboard on the screen. A cursor automatically scans across this keyboard by row or by column. I can select a character by moving my cheek to stop the cursor. My cheek movement is detected by an infrared switch that is mounted on my spectacles. This switch is my only interface with the computer. EZ Keys includes a word prediction algorithm, so I usually only have to type the first couple of characters before I can select the whole word. When I have built up a sentence, I can send it to my speech synthesizer. I use a separate hardware synthesizer, made by Speech+. It is the best I have heard, although it gives me an accent that has been described variously as Scandinavian, American or Scottish.
Through EZ Keys I can also control the mouse in Windows. This allows me to operate my whole computer. I can check my email using the Eudora email client, surf the internet using Firefox, or write lectures using Notepad. My latest computer from Intel, based on an Intel® Core™ i7 Processor and Intel® Solid-State Drive 520 Series, also contains a webcam which I use with Skype to keep in touch with my friends. I can express a lot through my facial expressions to those who know me well.
I can also give lectures. I write the lecture beforehand and save it on disk. I can then send it to the speech synthesiser a sentence at a time using the Equalizer software written by Words Plus. It works quite well and I can try out the lecture and polish it before I give it.
I keep looking into new assistive technologies, and recently Intel® have sponsored a team of its engineers to design a new facial recognition system aimed at improving my communication speed. They also have some new ideas regarding my software interface and it will be interesting to see the results of this. It looks quite promising. I have also experimented with Brain Controlled Interfaces to communicate with my computer however as yet these don't work as consistently as my cheek operated switch.
Stephen Hawking
Current configuration
Lenovo ThinkPad X220 Tablet (2 copies)
Intel® Core™ i7-2620M CPU @ 2.7GHz
Intel® 150Gb Solid-State Drive 520 Series
Windows 7
Speech Synthesizers (3 copies):
Manufacturer - Speech Plus (Incorporated 1988, Mountain View, CA)
Model - CallText 5010
Intel® Core™ i7-2620M CPU @ 2.7GHz
Intel® 150Gb Solid-State Drive 520 Series
Windows 7
Speech Synthesizers (3 copies):
Manufacturer - Speech Plus (Incorporated 1988, Mountain View, CA)
Model - CallText 5010
Friday, October 30, 2015
Saturday, October 10, 2015
HOW TO ALL IP OF COMPUTER CONNECTED TO
SAME CONNECTION OF MY SERVER
To see the ip all computers you are connected to (web servers, people attempting to hack into your computer).
Go to dos (start>run>type command) and run the netstat command. Type netstat /? for details.
Type netstat -r at the command prompt to see the ip of all computers you are connected to
In MSN (and other programs) when you are chatting to someone everything you type goes through the MSN servers first (they act as a proxy) so you see their ip rather than who you are chatting to. You can get round this by sending them a file as MSN doesn't send file through its proxy.
When you type the netstat -r (or -a for a different view) the ip's are under the foreign address table. The ports are seperated by a : . Different programs use different ports, so you can work out which ip's are from which program.
Connecting to other computers and what ports are:--
Servers send information. Clients retrieve. Simple.
Windows comes with a built in program to connect to other computers called telnet.
To start Windows telnet Start menu> Run> type Telnet. Click connect> remote system
Ports are doors into computers. Hosts are computer names
(ip number or a name that is translated into the ip automatically)
Different programs open different ports, but they always open the same ports so other computers know which port to connect to. You can get a port list listing all the different ports, but a basic one is:
11 :- Sends info on the computer
21 :- FTP (File transfer program)
23 :- Telnet (Login to the computers command line)
25 :- Smtp (Sends mail)
80 :- Http (Web pages)
There are thousands of different programs using different ports. You can get programs called portscanners which check a computer for all ports up to a certain number, looking for ways in. You can portscan a computer looking for ways-in.
Anyway, back to telnet.
Type www.yahoo.com as the host and port as 80 the click connect.
If nothing happens, you're in. Wow. You are connected to Yahoo's server.
You can now type http commands (you are connected to an http server, so it supports http commands). Ie. on an ftp server you can type open and it will do something. On an http server it will just wonder what the hell you are on about.
Type get / http/1.0 then press enter twice to get the file on the server at / (try /index.html) etc.)
Allowing dos and regedit in a restricted Windows
See http://blacksun.box.sk/tutorials/format.php3?file=windows.html for some very cool tactics.
A very simple tactic I found after accidentally locking myself out of dos and regedit is to open notepad and type the following:
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionPoliciesWinOldApp]
"Disabled"=dword:0
[HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionPoliciesSystem]
"DisableRegistryTools"=dword:0
Save it as something.reg then run it. Simple.
Making undeletable, unreadable folders
Tested on Windows 95/98
By holding down alt, then typing numbers on the number pad (right of the keyboard) you can create special characters. If you hold down alt, then press 1, then let go, you got the ascii character 1. You try some randomn numbers. This goes all the way up to 255. Open a dos prompt, and type md (alt+1+9+4)someword. md is the dos command to make a directoy, now try and open the directory in Windows, you can't. To open it, type ren (alt+1+9+4)someword someword (ren is the dos command to rename)
Proxies
Proxies are computers that you connect through, hiding your computer. Most aren't anonymous, they give away your ip. Some are. Good anonymous proxies: mail.uraltelecom.ru:8080 and 194.247.87.4:8080.
Different programs require different ways of using proxies. To do it in internet explorer 5 go to tools, internet options, connections, settings. In the above proxies they are in the format host:port
Password files
If you lock yourself out of Windows stuff, all passwords are stored in files called *.pwl in C:windows. Download showpass.zip from hereto view all passwords stored. Or rename the files to .bak to delete passwords.
In Unix, passwords are normally stored at etc/passwd. This can be viewed using the cat command (prints a file to screen): cat etc/passwd. Make sure you're passwords are shadowed (not actually in etc/passwd). Also make sure they aren't in a file called shadow, especically not in a file called etc/shadow.
Unix passwords are encrypted far better than Windows one's (to be fair, Windows 95 isn't designed for users), but can still be cracked through a program called jon
Go to dos (start>run>type command) and run the netstat command. Type netstat /? for details.
Type netstat -r at the command prompt to see the ip of all computers you are connected to
In MSN (and other programs) when you are chatting to someone everything you type goes through the MSN servers first (they act as a proxy) so you see their ip rather than who you are chatting to. You can get round this by sending them a file as MSN doesn't send file through its proxy.
When you type the netstat -r (or -a for a different view) the ip's are under the foreign address table. The ports are seperated by a : . Different programs use different ports, so you can work out which ip's are from which program.
Connecting to other computers and what ports are:--
Servers send information. Clients retrieve. Simple.
Windows comes with a built in program to connect to other computers called telnet.
To start Windows telnet Start menu> Run> type Telnet. Click connect> remote system
Ports are doors into computers. Hosts are computer names
(ip number or a name that is translated into the ip automatically)
Different programs open different ports, but they always open the same ports so other computers know which port to connect to. You can get a port list listing all the different ports, but a basic one is:
11 :- Sends info on the computer
21 :- FTP (File transfer program)
23 :- Telnet (Login to the computers command line)
25 :- Smtp (Sends mail)
80 :- Http (Web pages)
There are thousands of different programs using different ports. You can get programs called portscanners which check a computer for all ports up to a certain number, looking for ways in. You can portscan a computer looking for ways-in.
Anyway, back to telnet.
Type www.yahoo.com as the host and port as 80 the click connect.
If nothing happens, you're in. Wow. You are connected to Yahoo's server.
You can now type http commands (you are connected to an http server, so it supports http commands). Ie. on an ftp server you can type open and it will do something. On an http server it will just wonder what the hell you are on about.
Type get / http/1.0 then press enter twice to get the file on the server at / (try /index.html) etc.)
Allowing dos and regedit in a restricted Windows
See http://blacksun.box.sk/tutorials/format.php3?file=windows.html for some very cool tactics.
A very simple tactic I found after accidentally locking myself out of dos and regedit is to open notepad and type the following:
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionPoliciesWinOldApp]
"Disabled"=dword:0
[HKEY_CURRENT_USERSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionPoliciesSystem]
"DisableRegistryTools"=dword:0
Save it as something.reg then run it. Simple.
Making undeletable, unreadable folders
Tested on Windows 95/98
By holding down alt, then typing numbers on the number pad (right of the keyboard) you can create special characters. If you hold down alt, then press 1, then let go, you got the ascii character 1. You try some randomn numbers. This goes all the way up to 255. Open a dos prompt, and type md (alt+1+9+4)someword. md is the dos command to make a directoy, now try and open the directory in Windows, you can't. To open it, type ren (alt+1+9+4)someword someword (ren is the dos command to rename)
Proxies
Proxies are computers that you connect through, hiding your computer. Most aren't anonymous, they give away your ip. Some are. Good anonymous proxies: mail.uraltelecom.ru:8080 and 194.247.87.4:8080.
Different programs require different ways of using proxies. To do it in internet explorer 5 go to tools, internet options, connections, settings. In the above proxies they are in the format host:port
Password files
If you lock yourself out of Windows stuff, all passwords are stored in files called *.pwl in C:windows. Download showpass.zip from hereto view all passwords stored. Or rename the files to .bak to delete passwords.
In Unix, passwords are normally stored at etc/passwd. This can be viewed using the cat command (prints a file to screen): cat etc/passwd. Make sure you're passwords are shadowed (not actually in etc/passwd). Also make sure they aren't in a file called shadow, especically not in a file called etc/shadow.
Unix passwords are encrypted far better than Windows one's (to be fair, Windows 95 isn't designed for users), but can still be cracked through a program called jon
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